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surrogate mother in Australia

Listing the Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Overseas Surrogacy for Australian Families!

27 Jun 2023 Surrogacy in Australia

Due to legal limitations in Australia, overseas surrogacy has emerged as a substitute option for Australian families looking to have children through surrogacy. While it has some benefits, there are also difficulties and potential drawbacks. That said, the following sections of this article will examine the benefits and drawbacks of international surrogacy for Australian families, illuminating the challenges and factors involved in going abroad for a surrogate.

Why do Australian couples may have to choose International surrogacy?

Australian couples may opt for international surrogacy for a variety of reasons, mainly the surrogacy laws in Australia. Moreover, the decision to pursue international surrogacy is influenced by the factors listed below:

Legal complications

surrogacy laws in AustraliaSurrogacy laws in Australia vary between states and territories, making the procedure difficult and frequently constrictive. Besides, only altruistic surrogacy is legal in some places, and the surrogate mother is not allowed to receive any payment beyond what is necessary for her care.

Also, finding willing surrogates may be a challenge because of this restriction. Moreover, in Australia, same-sex couples may also encounter legal restrictions or few options for surrogacy.

Limited Surrogate Mother Availability: Due to the complex legal and cultural issues surrounding surrogacy, there aren’t many surrogate mothers available in Australia. As a result, it may be challenging for couples to find a surrogate who meets their needs and preferences.

Longer Wait Times: Because there are so few surrogates available, there may be a much longer wait for a surrogacy arrangement in Australia. Moreover, to speed up the process and shorten the wait for a surrogate, couples may opt for international surrogacy via a surrogacy agency in Australia.

More Options: Australian couples who choose international surrogacy have access to a wider selection of nations and surrogacy organizations. Besides, there are some nations with well-established surrogacy frameworks and knowledgeable professionals, including the United States, Ukraine, and India. Also, these nations can provide couples with a larger selection of surrogates and specialized medical facilities.

Medical Developments and Infrastructure: Some international surrogacy locations offer state-of-the-art medical facilities as well as specialized fertility clinics that offer complete reproductive technologies and top-notch healthcare. This may be appealing to couples looking for the best medical care and support during the surrogacy procedure.

Cultural and linguistic considerations: Couples who want a particular cultural or ethnic connection with the surrogate mother may find international surrogacy appealing. Also, they might select a nation whose cultural heritage is similar to their own or in which a particular language is spoken, facilitating interaction and the possibility of a shared cultural experience.

What are the key benefits of international adoption for Australian families?

Legal Accessibility: Through overseas surrogacy, Australian families have a way to get around the surrogacy laws in Australia. Also, the legal aspects of the process are simpler for Australian intended parents to navigate in nations like the United States, Ukraine, and India because those nations have more favourable legal environments and well-established frameworks for surrogacy.

International surrogacy for Australian families

Greater Surrogate Mother Availability: International surrogacy locations frequently have a larger pool of surrogate mothers available, increasing the likelihood of finding a compatible match. Also, intentional parents can choose a surrogate who meets their preferences and requirements, including their medical history, lifestyle preferences, and personal values, thanks to the wider selection.

Enhanced Medical Infrastructure: Many foreign surrogacy locations offer experienced fertility clinics that specialize in assisted reproductive technologies, as well as advanced medical infrastructure. These clinics provide cutting-edge amenities, knowledgeable medical staff, and thorough prenatal care, ensuring a higher level of medical support and supervision throughout the surrogacy process.

Cost considerations: Compared to domestic options with higher costs of surrogacy in Australia, international surrogacy can occasionally be more affordable for Australian families.  Besides, medical costs, surrogate compensation, agency fees, and legal costs may all be included in the price of surrogacy abroad; these costs may be less than those related to the cost of surrogacy.

Drawbacks of international surrogacy for Australian families!

surrogacy in australiaLegal Uncertainties: International surrogacy involves legal difficulties because different countries have different surrogacy laws and legal frameworks. Moreover, Intended parents may experience difficulties navigating the laws of both the host nation and their own country, which could result in legal ambiguities and complications.

Distance and cultural differences: Establishing and maintaining close relationships throughout the process can be difficult with overseas surrogacy because there are frequently large geographic distances between the intended parents and the surrogate mother. In addition, linguistic and cultural barriers may prevent clear communication and limit the intended parents’ ability to participate in the pregnancy process.

Ethical Concerns: Concerns about how surrogate mothers are treated and fairly compensated for surrogate mother cost in Australia have been raised in relation to some international surrogacy locations. In order to ensure that the arrangement is morally right and respects the rights and welfare of all parties involved, intended parents should exercise caution when entering into surrogacy agreements in nations where surrogates do not have adequate legal protections.

Lack of Regulation and Oversight: International surrogacy may take place in nations with absent or irregular surrogacy regulations and oversight. This may expose the intended parents to the risk of being taken advantage of, defrauded, or involved in disputes. Moreover, families from Australia who are considering surrogacy abroad must do their homework and fully comprehend the country’s legal and regulatory framework.

Final words

Australian families looking to become parents through surrogacy can benefit from overseas surrogacy. This is because it offers greater surrogate mother availability, improved medical facilities, and potential financial savings. However, it also involves ethical issues, distance, cultural differences, legal complexities, and a lack of oversight and regulation.

Hence, to decide whether to pursue international surrogacy, intended parents must carefully weigh these factors and consult with legal and ethical experts.

Day Wise Planning of Your Surrogacy Journey in Georgia!

3 Jun 2023 Uncategorized ,

Being an international parent, you must pay special attention to your itinerary for the surrogacy journey and surrogacy agency in Georgia. By doing that, you can easily plan and decide on the most important aspects towards your parenthood goals.

Moreover, intended parents must understand that their surrogacy journey is highly dependent on various factors, including medical diagnosis and procedures, legal processes, and individual circumstances. However, with a clear vision and planning, you can always make the most out of it without any challenges or issues.

Planning up your Surrogacy Journey in Georgia

Day 1: Arrival in Georgia

The first day in Georgia would include your arrival via flight and a short meet-up with the representative of the surrogacy agency in Georgia (optional). On this day, you will also be moving to your pre-booked accommodation and will further be guided about your itinerary for the surrogacy journey in the country.

best surrogacy agency in Georgia

Meet with your surrogacy agency or clinic to review your itinerary, discuss any necessary paperwork, and go over the overall plan. Also, you may be proceeding with the initial consultation with the professional from the surrogacy agency in Georgia. During the conversation, you may be briefed about the future proceedings of your surrogacy journey along with any tests or diagnoses required.

Days 2-3: Medical Assessments and Consultations

You will then undergo the required medical tests and evaluations, including fertility assessments, at the designated IVF clinic. Moreover, you may also meet with fertility specialists to discuss treatment options and determine the most suitable approach for your parenthood aspirations

On the other hand, you will also consult with medical professionals from the agency to ensure that you and your surrogate are physically and mentally prepared for the process.

Days 4-7: Legal Procedures and Contracts

You will be meeting up with your legal team to review and finalize the surrogacy agreements and contracts. The meeting is to ensure that all legal aspects, including parental rights and obligations, are addressed and properly documented.

Besides, you will also seek legal guidance to understand the steps required to establish your parental rights in Georgia. During the meeting, you can ask random questions and concerns regarding surrogacy laws in Georgia with legal professionals.

Days 8-14: Surrogate matching and Selection

You will now be working closely with your surrogacy agency in Georgia or clinic to select a surrogate who matches your preferences and requirements. Moreover, this would include reviewing random surrogate profiles, including their medical history and background information.

Besides, the agency may schedule your meeting with the potential surrogate mother (if desired) to establish a connection and make a final selection.

Once done, the surrogacy agency in Georgia would match the surrogate as per your requirements and initiate further procedures regarding treatment and diagnosis. Also, the surrogate would sign a contract with the intended parents that would involve key elements like her expenses, accommodation, medical care and surrogacy cost in Georgia.

Surrogacy Clinic in Georgia

Days 15-30: Tests and Fertility Treatments

The surrogate mother would then undergo the required tests and diagnosis. If necessary, she would also undergo fertility treatments, such as egg retrieval and embryo transfer, in preparation for the surrogacy process.

This is where the intended parents must coordinate with their surrogate’s medical team to ensure proper synchronization and timing of the procedures. This is highly required given the fact that intended parents want their future child to be free from any health issues or illness.

Days 31-60: Pregnancy Monitoring and Support

The intended parents would regularly attend medical appointments to monitor the progress of the pregnancy and the well-being of the surrogate. This is where you need to stay in touch with your surrogate and maintain open communication throughout the pregnancy.

Moreover, you can seek emotional support and counselling as needed during this stage while getting in touch with the counsellors of the surrogacy agency in Georgia.

Days 61-270+: Anticipating the Birth and Legal Procedures

The intended parents would now prepare for the birth of their child while planning their presence during this time. Moreover, you must coordinate with your surrogacy agency, clinic, and legal team to ensure all necessary paperwork and legal processes are in place for the birth.

Besides, you must also be present for the birth of your child and establish legal parentage as per Georgian laws. Also, please note that the timeline provided is a general guide and can vary significantly based on your individual circumstances, medical requirements, legal processes, and any unforeseen events. Hence, it is crucial to work closely with your surrogacy agency, medical professionals, and legal team to create a personalized itinerary that suits your specific situation and requirements.

How to ensure working with the best surrogacy agency in Georgia?

As you kick start your surrogacy journey in the country of Georgia, you need to figure out a few things in advance. Being a stranger to the country, you may need due support and assistance all along your surrogacy journey.

surrogacy in GeorgiaHence, it is highly recommended to connect with a trusted surrogacy agency in the country. That said, there are a few ways to ensure working with the best surrogacy clinic in Georgia:

Check out their background and experiences

Every surrogacy clinic comes along with some experience in the ART industry. Hence, you must check and verify the same while short-listing the best in the business. This way, you can ensure the best and most desirable results in your particular case.

Services and facilities

A trustworthy organization should offer complete support to intended parents and surrogates. Besides, it should provide the required counselling and assistance to the parties when and wherever required. So, being an intended parent, you must check and analyze their provided facilities and services before making a step forward.

Verify References and Testimonials

Ask the agency for references or client endorsements. Also, make contact with former agency workers to find out more about their experiences. Besides, getting advice from those who have gone through the process before can help you make decisions and provide you with useful information.

Final words

The decision to pursue surrogacy or become a surrogate is a significant one. So, it’s important to work with a reputable organization that prioritizes everyone’s well-being. Besides, the surrogacy experience will be easier and more satisfying if precautions are taken, professional advice is sought and open communication is practised by everyone involved.

Surrogacy in Thailand: Why there is so much uncertainty around it?

27 May 2023 Gay Surrogacy, Surrogacy in Thailand ,

Thailand is a country that used to be the preferred surrogacy hub for most international parents from Asia. Even though surrogacy is banned for international citizens as of now, you may come across many surrogacy agencies that offer personalized surrogacy plans and programs, even for same-sex surrogacy in Thailand.

That said, we won’t advise you to go ahead with these plans or programs until you are dealing with a reputed surrogacy agency in Thailand.

How Thailand once served as a perfect surrogacy hub for many?

As mentioned earlier, Thailand used to be the most preferred surrogacy destination for numerous international parents. While cheap surrogacy options came as one big reason, it gained further popularity due to the following aspects:

same-sex surrogacy in thailandAbsence of Surrogacy laws: There was a time when Thailand didn’t have many regulations regarding surrogacy or even same-sex surrogacy in Thailand. Moreover, given the absence of these regulations, commercial surrogacy agreements were relatively simple to set up. On the other hand, parents from other countries saw this as an opportunity to realize their parenthood goals at a much more affordable rate.

Easy availability of Surrogates: There were many potential surrogate mothers in Thailand who were willing to carry a child for international parents. Moreover, this is due to various reasons like financial situation, cultural expectations, and a desire to aid others.

On the other hand, intended parents who were unable to find surrogates in their country of origin were drawn to the availability of willing surrogates in Thailand.

Also, given the easy availability of surrogates for same-sex surrogacy in Thailand, the country became a top choice for most same-sex intended parents.

Lower surrogacy cost: Compared to other developed countries like the UK, USA or Canada, surrogacy cost in Thailand was way lower. So, intended parents who couldn’t afford the high costs associated with surrogacy in their home countries found Thailand to be an appealing option. Moreover, this was due to the lower cost of medical procedures, fertility treatments, and surrogate compensation.

Again, we know that surrogacy for same-sex in Thailand demands higher costs than usual. Still, the low-cost surrogacy options offered by the surrogacy agency came as a big respite for many in the same regard.

Standardized medical infrastructure: Thailand had a well-developed medical infrastructure, as well as skilled medical personnel and fertility clinics with years of experience in assisted reproductive technologies. Moreover, the availability of a top-notch medical infrastructure gave the intended parents peace of mind regarding the security and standard of care during the surrogacy procedure.

That said, it’s crucial to stress again how much the surrogacy landscape in Thailand has changed. Besides, the Thai government has put in place stricter laws, including a ban on foreigners using commercial surrogates currently. Also, these modifications were brought about by concerns and doubts about surrogate exploitation, moral dilemmas, and the requirement to safeguard the rights and welfare of all parties. Therefore, if you are thinking about surrogacy in Thailand or any other country, it is essential to take into account the current legal system and speak with legal professionals.

Surrogacy in thailand

What measures have been recommended to legalize Surrogacy in Thailand?

Although there have been discussions and proposals to regulate surrogacy in Thailand, no concrete steps have been taken to make it legal for foreigners. Besides, the surrogacy landscape can change quickly, so there may have been changes since then. That said, the following suggestion may come fruitful in legalizing surrogacy in Thailand in the future.

Drafting well-defined Surrogacy Laws

In order to make surrogacy legal, a nation usually creates extensive legislation that spells out the legal obligations, rights, and safeguards of all parties involved, including intended parents, surrogates, and the children born through surrogacy. Furthermore, these laws may cover topics like eligibility requirements, medical and psychological evaluations, contract terms, payment, and the determination of legal parentage.

Just like that, even Thailand requires proposing similar laws to regulate surrogacy within its legal territories. Besides, it can bring special provisions for aspects like Gay surrogacy in Thailand.

Establishing Regulatory Bodies

Thailand should establish regulatory organizations or departments with the mandate to supervise surrogacy agreements, guarantee legal observance, and safeguard the interests of all parties concerned. That said, these organizations may establish regulations, keep an eye on surrogacy clinics or agencies, and deal with any potential legal problems or disputes.

Protecting the Rights of Children and Surrogates

Surrogacy cost in thailandThe rights and welfare of surrogate mothers and children should come first in the legal framework for surrogacy. That said, it might include guidelines for surrogate screenings for physical and mental health issues, informed consent practices, access to quality healthcare, support services, and legal safeguards against exploitation or abuse. On the other hand, procedures for establishing legal parentage and securing citizenship or nationality for children born through surrogacy may also be established by law.

International Coordination and Cooperation

Thailand may set up systems for global coordination and cooperation in surrogacy agreements. Additionally, this can entail information exchange, working together on legal frameworks, and making sure that cross-border surrogacy cases abide by established laws and safeguards.

Intended parents must understand that the current regime may not support their parenthood goals to the core. So, they must wait for some future amendments in the existing laws and regulations before taking any key decision in the same regard.

Is Surrogacy in Thailand recommended for international parents?

Considering the existing laws and ethical issues, there are some reasons why surrogacy in Thailand may not be advised for foreign parents.

Legal Uncertainty: Thailand used to be a popular destination for foreign couples looking for surrogacy arrangements because of its relatively lax attitude toward commercial surrogacy. Still, there were problems with the law and complications and no clarity was provided even by the government. Moreover, a law prohibiting commercial surrogacy for foreigners was passed in Thailand in 2015, which caused uncertainty and confusion for those involved.

So, as of now, you may not be able to pursue surrogacy being an international parent in the country. Besides, the rule asks one of the intended parents to be a Thai citizen.

Complicated regulations: Thailand has made significant changes to its surrogacy policy over the past few years. That said, the nation has been focusing on protecting the rights and welfare of surrogate mothers and children while enforcing stricter regulations. Besides, international parents may find it challenging to navigate the process due to Thailand’s changing legal climate, which may deter them from using surrogates there.

Ethical issues: Surrogacy-related cases in Thailand have often led to exploitation and violations of human rights. Moreover, due to unclear legal frameworks, some reports highlighted instances in which surrogates were mistreated, contracts were broken, or children were left stateless. That said; these concerns have prompted ethical issues and prompted a more circumspect attitude toward surrogacy in Thailand.

Final words

The surrogacy cost in Thailand is still lower than many countries around the world. Still, given the uncertainty around the regulations, we would advise you to consult with a reputed surrogacy agency in the country.

surrogacy for singles

How to kick start your surrogacy journey being a single mother at 40?

19 May 2023 Surrogacy in USA ,

Opting for surrogacy as a single mother at the age of 40 can evoke a range of emotions and experiences. While each individual’s journey is unique, there are common aspects that single women may encounter during the process.

On the other hand, surrogacy for singles in the USA is duly supported by the legal framework in the country. Still, one must know that surrogacy laws in the USA vary on state to state basis. So, regardless of whether you are searching for the best surrogacy for singles or surrogacy or gay couples in the country, you have to stay cautious and clear with your choices. That said, we explore some potential feelings and experiences that can arise during single-parent surrogacy for a female aged 40 years.

Surrogacy for Singles

Hope and Excitement

surrogacy for singles

Choosing surrogacy for singles as a single mother at 40 may come after a long and challenging journey to conceive. That said, the decision to pursue surrogacy often brings a renewed sense of hope and excitement. So, being a single mother, you could sense that much-awaited joy in your own arms for the rest of your life. Moreover, it represents an opportunity to fulfil the desire for motherhood and experience the joys of raising a child.

Empowerment

Opting for surrogacy for singles can be a profoundly empowering choice for a single mother aged 40 years. Besides, it allows women to take control of their reproductive journey, regardless of their relationship status or age. Also, it reflects a commitment to building a family on their own terms and embracing the challenges and rewards that come with it.

Emotional Rollercoaster

 The surrogacy process can be emotionally intense, regardless of one’s marital status or age. Moreover, for single mothers at 40, there may be added layers of emotions related to their age and the unique circumstances of their journey. That said, it is common to experience a mix of excitement, anxiety, and anticipation throughout the process.

Financial Considerations

 Regardless of whether you are pursuing single-parent surrogacy in USA or surrogacy for singles in Argentina, it may come as a significant financial commitment. Moreover, single mothers may need to carefully consider the financial aspects involved.

That said, funding the surrogacy journey, including medical procedures, legal expenses, and compensating the surrogate, can be a challenge. Also, single mothers may need to plan and budget accordingly to ensure they can provide the necessary support for themselves and their children.

surrogacy for singles in usa

Building a Support System

 Building a strong support system is crucial for single mothers undergoing surrogacy in the USA or any other country. Additionally, emotional support from family, friends, and professionals can help navigate the various stages of the process. That said, joining support groups or seeking counselling services specifically tailored to single mothers by choice can provide invaluable guidance and camaraderie.

Facing Judgment and Societal Perceptions

Single women who choose surrogacy at an older age may face societal judgments and misconceptions. Besides, some may question the ability of a single mother to provide a stable and nurturing environment for a child. Hence, it is important to develop resilience and surround oneself with a supportive network that understands and respects the decision made.

On the other hand, she need not pay much heed to all such misconceptions and social judgments at the same time. They must know that surrogacy is a godsend to them and they have been blessed with the most awaited happiness of their life.

Bonding with the Child

 The journey of surrogacy offers an opportunity for single mothers to develop a unique bond with their children. During the pregnancy, participating in ultrasound appointments, attending medical check-ups, and maintaining open communication with the surrogate can help foster a connection with the baby. Moreover, after birth, single mothers have the opportunity to develop a strong and loving relationship with their children, regardless of the method of conception.

Ultimately, choosing surrogacy as a single mother at the age of 40 can be a transformative and rewarding experience. While it may come with its own set of challenges and emotions, it also presents an opportunity for personal growth, resilience, and the fulfilment of the desire to become a parent. Building a strong support system and embracing the journey with an open heart can contribute to a positive and fulfilling experience as a single mother through surrogacy.

How to choose a sperm donor during single-parent surrogacy?

surrogacy for singles in argentinaBeing a female opting for a sperm donor during single-parent surrogacy is a crucial decision to make. Hence, you must consider the following factors before making a key decision in the same regard.

Personal expectations: Being an intended mother, you may come with certain expectations from the sperm donor in regard to his character, background, health and so on. So, it’s really important to make a list beforehand as you kick-start your search for the best-suited sperm donor.

Health and Medical History: It is really important to analyse the physical and mental health of the sperm donor. This is because the health of the donor is going to eventually impact the health of your future child.

Genetic Compatibility: You may also look for likewise genetic traits in the sperm donor. While doing that, make sure you have scrutinized his medical records and background. In order to find the right fit, always consult with the best medical expert in your area.

Reviewing Donor’s Profile: You must further review the donor profile made available by the sperm bank or agency. This may include details regarding his height, weight, key characteristics, medical background and related details. Take time to consider how important these factors are to you and whether they align with your preferences and aspirations for your child.

Anonymity vs. Identity Disclosure: Decide whether you prefer an anonymous donor or one who is open to a potential contact in the future. Moreover, some sperm banks offer the option for donors to agree to identity disclosure once the child reaches a certain age. Hence, consider the potential emotional and legal implications of anonymity or disclosure and determine which option is best suited to your family’s needs and desires.

Donor’s Motivations: Explore the donor’s motivations for becoming a sperm donor. Some donors may have personal reasons or a desire to help others, while others may be primarily motivated by financial compensation. Hence, understanding the donor’s motivations can provide insight into their commitment to the process and their level of responsibility during surrogacy for singles.

Professional Assistance and Guidance: Seek guidance from professionals in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. Moreover, consult with fertility specialists, reproductive endocrinologists, or counsellors who can provide expert advice based on your specific circumstances and help you navigate the process of choosing a sperm donor.

Final words

No matter whether you are looking for a surrogacy agency for singles or a sperm donor bank, do remember that it is a highly personal decision. Hence, take the time to reflect, ask questions, and seek professional advice to ensure that your choice aligns with your values, preferences, and aspirations for your future child.

surrogacy options in france

Surrogacy in France: why it may not be the right option for you at the moment?

1 May 2023 surrogacy in france

Surrogacy has become the most sought-after option for all childless couples across the globe. Even while being cost-effective, its benefits have attracted millions of couples in cherishing the most awaited happiness of their lives.

Still, there is a big variation in regard to countries that permits or prohibits surrogacy within their legal territories. About surrogacy options in France, a country known for its strict regulations on reproductive technologies, has implemented a complete ban on surrogacy. That said, the following parts of this blog examine the current state of surrogacy in France, delving into the legal framework, ethical considerations, and social implications associated with this controversial topic.

Is surrogacy legal in France?

surrogacy laws in CanadaSurrogacy in France currently stands as illegal as per the rule of law in the country. Talking about the surrogacy laws in France, according to Article 16-7 of the civil code, any surrogacy agreement in relation to surrogacy in the country stands as null and void.

This further means that any surrogacy contract, no matter if it is commercial or altruistic, stands as unenforceable within the legal territories of the country. On the other hand, the legislation related to surrogacy in the country takes surrogacy as a strict violation of public order, emphasizing the importance of protecting the integrity of the family and the child’s best interests. That said, surrogacy-related acts, such as advertising or brokering services, are also criminalized.

Surrogacy Options in France

Why was Surrogacy get banned in France?

The surrogacy process in France got banned due to certain ethical and social reasons in France. That said, the following aspects were further considered by the government before prohibiting surrogacy-related practices in the country.

The exploitation of surrogate mothers: France aims to prevent the potential exploitation of women involved in surrogacy arrangements. That said, concerns are raised about the possibility of vulnerable women being coerced or manipulated into becoming surrogates due to financial desperation or other factors. Besides, the ban seeks to protect women from being commodified, reducing the risk of their bodies and reproductive capacities being treated as commodities.

Child’s Best Interests: French law prioritizes the well-being of the child and emphasizes the importance of stable family structures. This is where surrogacy arrangements involving multiple parties, especially when they are of different nationalities, can create complex legal and emotional situations for the child. Hence, the ban on surrogacy is intended to avoid potential conflicts and challenges that might arise from these intricate family dynamics.

Non-Commercialization of Reproduction: The ban on surrogacy reflects France’s stance against the commercialization of reproduction. Moreover, it aims to prevent the practice of treating childbirth as a market transaction where money is exchanged for the services of a surrogate mother. That said, this approach aligns with the belief that human reproduction should not be driven by financial motives, but rather by the natural and emotional bonds within a family.

Surrogacy in franceEthical concerns: it was believed that surrogacy in France would lead to several ethical issues related to assisted reproduction techniques. As surrogacy involved various procedures, experts feared that there is no clarity on the protection of the rights of surrogate mothers and donors. It was been further stated that various surrogacy agencies are illegally carrying out this practice with the help of international surrogate mothers and donors.

Given all such allegations, the government were forced to bring on certain regulations and guidelines to ban any related practice in the country.

Social Implications Due to the Ban on Surrogacy in France

The prohibition of surrogacy in France has both intended and unintended social consequences. Moreover, few supporters of the ban argue that it preserves traditional notions of family and protects children’s rights by avoiding potential conflicts arising from complex family structures. Additionally, the ban ensures that the focus remains on adoption and other forms of family building that do not involve third-party reproduction.

However, the ban has resulted in French citizens seeking surrogacy services abroad, particularly in countries where it is legally permitted. This phenomenon, often referred to as “reproductive tourism,” raises questions about equitable access to reproductive technologies and the potential exploitation of women in countries with less stringent regulations. On the other hand, it also highlights the need for a comprehensive discussion on surrogacy within the French context to address the complex ethical, legal, and social aspects of the practice.

What could be the possible Reforms and Alternatives?

Advocates for reform argue that the absolute ban on surrogacy in France may need to be revisited to accommodate the changing societal landscape. Besides, proposals have been put forth for the introduction of regulated and ethical surrogacy agency in France, such as the establishment of a system similar to altruistic surrogacy, where the surrogate is not financially compensated beyond reimbursement of expenses. This approach aims to address ethical concerns while allowing individuals the option to pursue surrogacy within a regulated framework.

surrogacy process for intended parents

Additionally, proponents suggest the development of comprehensive legislation that protects the rights and interests of all parties involved. Such legislation could include safeguards against exploitation, strict eligibility criteria for intended parents, and the establishment of legal contracts that clearly outline the rights and responsibilities of all parties. That said, this approach would aim to strike a balance between protecting women, respecting reproductive autonomy, and safeguarding the well-being of the child.

On the other hand, intended parents can look forward to countries like Georgia, Ukraine and Cyprus in order to pursue their parenthood aspirations. Besides offering affordable surrogacy options, these countries further ensure full protection of the intended parent’s rights.

Final words

Surrogacy in France remains a contentious issue, with a complete ban in place due to legal, ethical, and social concerns. While proponents of the ban argue that it protects against the commodification of children and the potential exploitation of women, critics argue for a more nuanced approach that allows for regulated and ethical surrogacy.

That said, as societal attitudes continue to evolve and reproductive technologies advance, it is essential to engage in a comprehensive and open dialogue to address the complexities surrounding surrogacy and its potential place within French society.

altruistic surrogacy in canada

Altruistic Surrogacy in Canada: why it may come as the best option for your parenthood dreams?

25 Apr 2023 Surrogacy Agency, Surrogacy in Canada

Surrogacy, a complex and emotionally charged topic has been a subject of ethical, moral, and legal debates for decades. That said, the emergence of altruistic surrogacy in Canada, where the surrogate mother does not receive any monetary compensation beyond reimbursement for medical and other related expenses, brings about additional considerations. Moreover, to assess whether altruistic surrogacy is right for you, it’s critical to explore various aspects like the ethical implications, emotional toll, legal considerations, and potential social ramifications.

Ethical Implications

Altruistic surrogacy in Canada is often considered a more ethically viable option compared to commercial surrogacy, due to the absence of financial transactions that could potentially exploit the surrogate. In this context, altruistic surrogacy can be seen as a compassionate act of helping individuals or couples who are unable to conceive a child naturally. Still, it is essential to introspectively evaluate your motivations and personal beliefs before deciding whether this path aligns with your ethical perspective.

Emotional Aspects

The emotional toll of surrogacy is a significant factor to consider. As a surrogate, one undergoes physical changes and emotional attachment during pregnancy, only to relinquish the baby after birth. Besides, the emotional complexities might be even more profound in altruistic surrogacy, where the lack of financial compensation may lead to feelings of being undervalued.

For the intended parents, the joy of having a child could be tempered by feelings of guilt, knowing the surrogate has undertaken this journey without financial gain. Also, they might also experience anxiety concerning the surrogate’s emotional attachment to the child. That said, it is imperative to understand these emotional nuances and assess whether you are prepared for these potential challenges.

ALTRUISTIC SURROGACY IN CANADA

Legal Considerations

Surrogacy laws vary greatly from country to country, and in the case of Canada, all types of surrogacy are permissible, given it is an altruistic one. On the other side, in some regions, altruistic surrogacy is the only legal form of surrogacy, while in others; it’s not permitted at all.

Hence, understanding the legal landscape is crucial before embarking on this path. For instance, a legally binding contract that clearly outlines the rights and responsibilities of all parties can protect both the surrogate and the intended parents. That said, legal advice should be sought to ensure all parties fully understand the implications of their commitment.

Social Ramifications

Society’s view on surrogacy and particularly altruistic surrogacy can impact the surrogate, the intended parents, and the child. While society is gradually becoming more accepting of non-traditional family structures, stigma and misunderstanding can still exist. Besides, dealing with judgment or lack of understanding from friends, family, or the community can add an extra layer of stress. Therefore, considering your social support system and societal attitudes is an important part of the decision-making process.

Key Benefits of Altruistic Surrogacy in Canada

Altruistic surrogacy, where a woman carries a child for the intended parents without receiving any financial compensation beyond reimbursement for expenses, has gained attention as a compassionate alternative to commercial surrogacy. While it is a complex and deeply personal decision, altruistic surrogacy offers numerous benefits for all parties involved.

Sense of fulfilment for the Surrogate

One of the significant benefits of altruistic surrogacy is the sense of fulfilment experienced by the surrogate mother in Canada. That said, many women choose to become surrogates because they have a strong desire to help others and play a crucial role in bringing a child into the world. By selflessly offering their time, effort, and emotional support, surrogates can experience a deep sense of purpose and satisfaction knowing that they have positively impacted someone else’s life.

This is where altruistic surrogacy allows women to express their compassion and empathy, creating a powerful and fulfilling experience.

Parenthood for Intended Parents

surrogacy in canadaFor couples or individuals struggling with infertility or medical conditions that prevent them from conceiving, altruistic surrogacy offers a lifeline to parenthood. Besides, it provides them with the opportunity to have a child genetically related to one or both parents and experience the joys of raising a family.

On the other hand, altruistic surrogacy eliminates the concerns associated with commercial surrogacy, such as financial exploitation or potential conflicts arising from agreements related to the surrogacy cost in Canada. Instead, the focus is solely on the shared desire to create a loving family. Also, the act of receiving this precious gift can bring immeasurable joy and fulfilment to the intended parents.

Emotional Bonds and Support

Altruistic surrogacy often fosters strong emotional bonds between the surrogate and intended parents. Unlike commercial surrogacy, where financial transactions related to surrogacy costs in Canada may create a sense of detachment, altruistic surrogacy is rooted in trust, gratitude, and a shared journey.

Also, surrogates often develop deep connections with the intended parents throughout the process, providing emotional support and guidance during pregnancy. That said, these bonds can extend beyond birth, as surrogates and intended parents may choose to maintain contact, creating an extended family network that can enrich everyone’s lives, including the child’s.

Ethical Considerations

Another notable advantage of altruistic surrogacy is its alignment with ethical principles. Removing financial incentives, it ensures that the surrogate’s motivations are driven purely by compassion and a desire to help others. Also, altruistic surrogacy promotes a sense of empowerment for women, allowing them to exercise their autonomy and make a positive impact on society. Besides, it upholds the belief that the creation of a family should not be driven by financial transactions but by the genuine desire to share love, support, and care.

Legal and Regulatory Simplicity

Last but not least, altruistic surrogacy often presents fewer legal and regulatory complexities compared to commercial surrogacy. Moreover, in jurisdictions where commercial surrogacy is banned or heavily regulated, altruistic surrogacy may be the only viable option for intended parents. Besides, the absence of financial compensation simplifies the legal framework, reducing the risk of legal disputes and ensuring that the focus remains on the well-being of the child. That’s how clear and comprehensive agreements can be established, safeguarding the rights and responsibilities of all parties involved.

Final words

Altruistic surrogacy, while being a potentially beautiful act of selflessness, comes with its unique set of challenges. Hence, the decision to embark on this journey should be made after thoughtful consideration of various aspects including personal ethics, emotional resilience, legal implications, and societal attitudes.

Besides, it’s essential to be equipped with a comprehensive understanding and emotional readiness to navigate this complex journey.

Ultimately, the decision of whether an altruistic surrogacy agency in Canada is right for you is deeply personal and subjective, based on individual circumstances, values, and beliefs. That said, seeking advice from healthcare professionals, legal experts, and individuals who have experienced the process can provide invaluable insights into making an informed decision.

Surrogacy laws in Asia: Which country is most favourable for your surrogacy aspirations?

15 Apr 2023 Surrogacy laws

Surrogacy laws in Asia vary from country to country. While a country like India allows surrogacy for only local citizens, china, on the other hand, completely bars the practice within its legal territories. That said, we will take you through the legal aspects of surrogacy in various Asian countries in the following sections of the blog.

Surrogacy laws in Asia

Surrogacy in India

The existing laws regarding surrogacy in India only permit local citizens to practice surrogacy in the country. Besides, it puts a ban on the practice by international couples or individuals. On July 15, 2019, Dr Harsh Vardhan, Minister of Health and Family Welfare, introduced the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019 in the Lok Sabha. The Bill defines surrogacy as a practice in which a woman bears a child for another person with the intention of later giving the child to the intended parents.

  • Surrogacy is regulated by the Bill, which forbids commercial surrogacy but permits charitable surrogacy. Apart from covering her pregnancy-related medical costs and insurance, the surrogate mother in an altruistic surrogacy is not paid financially.
  • On the other side, surrogacy is legal if it is used for the following reasons: (i) intended couples with documented infertility; (ii) altruistic reasons; (iii) not for profit; (iv) not to produce children for prostitution, sale, or other forms of exploitation; and (v) for any condition or disease that has been specifically listed by regulations.
  • A “certificate of essentiality” and a “certificate of eligibility” issued by the proper authority are required for an intending couple to be eligible.
  • The following requirements must be met in order for a certificate of essentiality to be granted: (i) a District Medical Board certificate proving the infertility of one or both members of the intended couple; (ii) a Magistrate’s court order granting parentage and custody of the surrogate child; and (iii) insurance coverage for the surrogate for postpartum complications for a period of 16 months.
  • The certificate of eligibility to the intending couple is given upon fulfilment of the following requirements: (i) the couple must be Indian citizens and have been married for at least five years; (ii) the wife must be between the ages of 23 and 50, and the husband must be between the ages of 26 and 55; (iii) they must not have any living children (biological, adopted, or surrogate), with the exception of children who are mentally or physically challenged, or suffer from a life-threatening disorder.

Surrogacy in China

surrogacy laws in AsiaSurrogacy in China is currently prohibited under the ruling issued by the existing government. Moreover, any type of surrogacy-related practice is banned under the law. So, anyone violating the same would be subject to harsh legal punishments.

While surrogacy in China is banned, people are forced to choose other destinations while analyzing the existing surrogacy laws in Asia.

The development of surrogacy technology has given hope to families affected by reproductive disorders. The country’s current surrogacy laws show how vehemently opposed China has always been to surrogacy, but it is still widely practised. Besides, the departmental surrogacy policy has a legal loophole because it’s not clear what will happen if anyone breaks the rules. On the other hand, a developed hierarchy for supervision and implementation is still lacking in China.

Moreover, the administrative special rectification component of the surrogacy monitoring system is all that is in place; there is no deterrent or prevention system. This is where most of the experts examine illegal surrogacy in China, review the nation’s current surrogacy regulatory framework from the perspectives of legislation and supervision, and make some suggestions for amendments in order to address the legal issues raised by surrogacy.

Surrogacy in Thailand

Surrogacy is legal in Thailand, but only for heterosexual couples who are regarded as legally wed in that country. However, undergoing international surrogacy in Thailand requires a minimum of three years of marriage in cases of international marriage.

Moreover, if you are an international citizen and planning to pursue surrogacy in Thailand, you have to legally wed a local citizen before getting along with your surrogacy plans. If that’s not a possibility, you may switch to other destinations where surrogacy is permitted in Asia.

Congress approved the “Protection of Children Born Through Assisted Reproductive Technologies Act” (B.E. 2558) in November 2014, and it was published in the Royal Gazette in May 2015 before going into effect on July 30th, 2015 (Whittaker 2016). According to the new law:

  • Trade in gametes and embryos is forbidden, as is commercial surrogacy.
  • Acts of brokering and encouraging unauthorized reproduction are forbidden.
  • Gametes and embryos cannot be exported or imported.
  • Only heterosexual couples who are regarded as legally wed in Thailand are eligible to use a surrogate; in the case of an international union, a minimum of three years must have passed since the wedding.
  • The intended parents’ legal children will be the child.
  • In theory, relatives should be used to choose surrogate mothers.
  • The Medical Council of Thailand should decide on a fair compensation amount for the surrogate mother.
  • The penalty for violators is either imprisonment or a fine.

surrogacy laws in Asia

Surrogacy in Cambodia

In November 2016, the Cambodian ministry published a Prakas announcing the country’s new ban on embryo transfer surrogacy. Moreover, legal experts claim that the current ban falls short of the actual surrogacy laws. That said, surrogacy has been completely banned in Cambodia. Moreover, the declaration made by the Cambodian Ministry bans additional ART infertility treatments that involve surrogacy.

For instance, IVF procedures may continue, oocytes may be imported or exported from the nation, embryos may be produced, and they may be transferred to the intended mother. However, it is not permitted to transfer embryos to a surrogate mother.

Surrogacy in Laos

In Laos, there is no surrogacy legislation as of now. As a result, surrogacy is still practised in this part of the world with the help and support of various surrogacy agencies. Moreover, due to the ban on commercial surrogacy in Thailand and Cambodia, Laos has emerged as the preferred location for intended parents to schedule surrogacy. On the other hand, gay couples typically choose surrogacy in Thailand or Laos when they are from nearby Asian nations.

That said, in Laos, the cost of surrogacy — including IVF, egg donation, and surrogacy services — ranges from $60,000 to $80,000.

Final words

Surrogacy laws in Asia certainly speak volumes about the strict regulations put through by the respective nation’s governments. So, if you are an intended parent pursuing surrogacy in any of these Asian countries, we would recommend you consult with a trusted surrogacy agency.

surrogacy agency in Russia

Surrogacy cost in Russia: how much do you need to pay for your surrogacy journey?

10 Apr 2023 Surrogacy in Russia

Surrogacy in Russia is highly popular among couples and individuals who are looking for affordable surrogacy options. While surrogacy in Russia cost is low, the quality of medical services and facilities is undoubtedly on par with the best in the world.

In this blog, we will briefly talk about the cost of surrogacy in Russia and every related aspect. Moreover, we will further look into all the common questions that an intended parent may come up with during their surrogacy journey in the country.

How much does surrogacy in Russia cost?

The overall surrogacy in Russia cost for a gestational surrogacy program would come to around $35000. Moreover, if you are pursuing traditional surrogacy, the same cost would come to $30000. Intended parents must know that if they are taking the services of an egg donor or a sperm donor, they must be willing to pay the cost mentioned above.

On the other side, the cost may vary depending on the type of program or plan you have opted for with assistance from the surrogacy agency in Russia. Also, the cost of surrogacy would be higher if one of the following factors would come into play.

Factors that may increase the cost of surrogacy in Russia

  • The surrogate mother must have three years of medical insurance from the intended parents. Moreover, the cost would also include paying for the surrogate’s basic requirements as well as regular checkups, advanced care, and other expenses. It will cover everything from pregnancy to delivery. The total fees will further include the surrogate mother’s expenses.
  • In IVF-assisted surrogacy in Russia, various cutting-edge techniques and procedures may be necessary. These are what your fertility expert will advise. It will support the surrogate mother’s ability to carry a healthy pregnancy to term. With the development of new pregnancy techniques, the average cost of surrogacy in Russia would rise.
  • The intended parents and the surrogate mother need to enter into a formal contract. Because the rights of the resulting child can be transferred directly to the intended parents, it simplifies the process. Moreover, the paperwork is handled by a surrogacy attorney with extensive experience. Besides, the surrogate mother is involved throughout the entire pregnancy. Additionally, the higher agreement fees have an impact on the surrogacy in Russia cost

 

surrogacy in Russia cost

 

  • Healthy eggs and sperm are required for the IVF process to be successful. That said, the expert can suggest donor support if any of your gametes is having problems. Moreover, high-quality donor sperm and eggs are available for successful pregnancies. These are obtained from the healthy donor and used for insemination during IVF. Besides, the cost of surrogacy is increased by the significantly higher cost of the donor gametes.
  • According to updated surrogacy laws in Russia, couples have to prove their incapability to conceive and furnish the required documentation in the same regard. Without this, a person cannot go along with the surrogacy procedure and even if they do, they have to pay an extra cost to prepare such documentation at a local medical centre
  • Your results may be impacted by the surrogate mother’s health or other circumstances. Also, the process of conception could fail in any issue. That said, your expert will advise repeating the IVF procedure. Moreover, the cost of a surrogate pregnancy includes running the entire IVF cycle, which raises the procedure costs.
  • Your child’s normal vaginal delivery will cost less money. However, the surrogate mother’s health has some problems that the C-type procedure might be required to fix. Besides, surgical techniques are the most expensive. On the other hand, the cost of surrogacy in Russia rises due to the longer recovery period following caesarean delivery.

Frequently asked questions about Surrogacy in Russia

What is IVF-assisted surrogacy in Russia?

IVF is a top-notch solution for many infertility problems. That said, the intended partners’ eggs and sperm are fertilized during the IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) procedure. Besides, the treatment is administered by the specialist using the most recent techniques and methods. Moreover, the couple will first undergo a number of medical examinations.

These help the expert assess a couple’s fertility and pregnancy prospects. Then, due to the impact of hormonal and reproductive medicines, female egg production increases gradually. On the other side, the specialists derive the sperm from the intended father and mix it with the eggs derived from the intended mother in an IVF lab. Once the same turns into an embryo, it is then been implanted in the surrogate mother’s uterus to carry out the pregnancy.

Why is a legal framework necessary?

Third-party reproduction occurs when a surrogate mother’s services are used during surrogacy in Russia and she conceives and bears the child for the intended parents. This is where a highly skilled attorney is required to draft the many rules and regulations that pertain to surrogacy.

surrogacy cost in Russia

Moreover, your surrogacy lawyer will include a variety of rights and requirements in the contract. It bears the signatures of both the intended parents and the surrogate mother, confirming their legal custody of the child. So, we can say that to avoid any issues during the surrogacy procedure, you must work towards drafting a contract.

Do the intended parents need to pay the surrogate mother in Russia?

Well, commercial surrogacy is banned in Russia and only altruistic surrogacy is permitted. Moreover, compensation is the monetary reward provided to the surrogate in exchange for her assistance. However, many people turned to surrogacy as a source of income in the past.

Additionally, the government has created new rules and laws to make it legal. This indicates that the intended parents do not pay the surrogate mother. Besides, it implies that the intended parents will not give the surrogate mother any financial compensation. So, we can say that the surrogate can only receive basic necessities and health insurance for a maximum of three years following childbirth.

Final words

Surrogacy in Russia is surely a good option for couples looking for ethical surrogacy without paying huge amounts. Still, given the current socio-political scenario of the country, we advise you to connect with a trusted surrogacy agency in Russia.

surrogacy in Thailand for foreigners

Surrogacy in Thailand for foreigners: Events that led to the Surrogacy ban for international citizens!

25 Mar 2023 Uncategorized

Surrogacy in Thailand for foreigners used to be the most preferred alternative among medical tourists a few years back. Moreover, due to its expertise in gender affirmation surgery and later cosmetic surgery, Thailand became the centre point for medical tourism as early as the 1970s.

Also, Thailand became a leading Asian country in the global medical tourism industry, alongside India, Malaysia, and Singapore, after the privatization of its healthcare system in the late 1990s. This was made possible by “a Thai way” of excellent service and medical knowledge.

Furthermore, Thailand has a reputation for having cutting-edge knowledge in reproductive technology thanks to the 1987 birth of “Mung Ming,” the nation’s first dek lord kaew (Test tube child) baby, who was conceived via IVF at Chulalongkorn Hospital. As it was connected to thansamai (modernity), nationalistic pride in Thai science and medicine, as well as Buddhist beliefs and the elevating of procreation and the birth of new life, assisted reproduction was quickly accepted by Thai society.

How has Gestational surrogacy thrived in Thailand in the past?

The first gestational surrogacy arrangement utilizing IVF happened at the same prestigious hospital in Bangkok in 1991, just four years after “Mung Ming” was born. Up until that point, surrogacy in Thailand for foreigners had only been an altruistic, familial activity shared by sisters and other close relatives. However, thanks to new technology that allowed for the separation of genetics and gestation, surrogacy may now also be commercialized in Thailand.

 

surrogacy in Thailand for foreigners

As Thailand became a top destination for reproductive tourism in the early 2000s, with an increase in clinics offering ART treatment to both Thais and foreigners, what had initially been a quiet business with little publicity grew. Besides, Thailand’s advanced medical and hospital services, expertise in ART, and reasonably priced prices when compared to the United States and Europe are all contributing factors to the country’s rising popularity as a location for reproductive services. Moreover, the nation’s tourism industry is also well established, making it a “safe” and alluring location for medical travel.

Surrogacy regulations prior to the 2015 ban in Thailand

Surrogacy agreements were not clearly regulated by Thai law prior to 2015, and commercial surrogacy was neither permitted nor prohibited. However, the police’s arrest of the Taiwanese brokering firm “Baby 101” in Bangkok in February 2010 brought to light the need for ART legislation.

In order to deliver babies to foreign clients for payment, they had locked up 15 Vietnamese women who had been trafficked. Eventually, the Thai Cabinet approved the draft ART Bill number 167/2553, which forbade commercial surrogacy, in May 2010, but the National Assembly did not ratify it because of the political unrest of the time.

surrogacy in ThailandOn the other side, due to the legal ambiguity surrounding commercial surrogacy, third-party reproduction could continue to be commercialized. Besides, the number of foreigners travelling to Thailand for IVF and surrogacy services increased significantly between 2010 and 2014, leading to the establishment of a number of new private clinics and surrogacy agencies in Bangkok. Up until 2015, hundreds of surrogate births were reportedly performed annually in Thailand, according to officials. Also, many male gay couples and single men seeking reproductive services turned to Thailand, which was promoted by a number of surrogacy agencies as offering “gay-friendly” services, after new surrogacy regulations in India were implemented in January 2013 and restricted access to married heterosexual couples only.

However, in August 2014, there were two additional significant surrogacy scandals that brought international attention to Thailand’s surrogacy industry and resulted in the termination of transnational surrogacy contracts. The “Baby Gammy” case came first. According to reports, David and Wendy Farnell, who are from Australia, abandoned a baby boy with Down syndrome in Thailand.

How did Baby Gammy’s case prove to be a roadblock for Thailand surrogacy?

In the Thai media, Gammy’s Thai surrogate mother, 21-year-old Pattharamon Chanbua, explained that she needed financial assistance to pay for Gammy’s medical expenses. So, in order to pay off family debts, Chanbua, a mother of two, agreed to act as a surrogate mother. Besides, she had been promised about 350,000 (roughly €8,400 at the time).

Moreover, she was soon found to be expecting twins, and several months into the pregnancy it was learned that one of the children had Down syndrome. Chanbua claims that the intended parents pressured her into having an abortion, but the Farnells and the agency both denied this, and Chanbua refused because of her Buddhist beliefs. Following the birth of the twins, the intended parents returned to Australia with Gammy’s sister, who did not have Down syndrome, leaving Gammy in the care of Chanbua and her family.

Further research revealed that David Farnell had previously been found guilty of 22 instances of sexual assault against girls under the age of 13 in the 1980s and had received a total prison term of four and a half years.

This raised concerns about Gammy’s sister’s safety and sparked a contentious debate about surrogacy not only in Thailand and Australia but also globally. The media condemned the couple and demanded that commercial surrogacy be outlawed. Despite what the surrogate mother and the media claimed, the Farnells did not intentionally abandon Gammy, according to the Australian court’s investigation.

The Baby Factory case further worsened the situation for surrogacy in Thailand for Foreigners!

surrogacy in ThailandA few weeks later, the “baby factory” case—the second prominent surrogacy scandal—made headlines. As news of Baby Gammy’s case spread, Thai police got a tip that led to a raid on an upscale Bangkok apartment.

There, they discovered nine surrogate children (ranging in age from two weeks to two years), seven nannies, and a pregnant surrogate mother.

Moreover, the apartment was associated with Mitsutoki Shigeta, 24, the son of a Japanese billionaire, who was initially under investigation for child trafficking and child exploitation but was never charged with any crime. Besides, four sets of twins were among the 13 children that Shigeta had paid for to be carried by a surrogate in Thailand.

Also, he had previously been given custody of four surrogate children and had fathered 17 children in Thailand through surrogacy. In addition to having two children via surrogacy in India, Shigeta allegedly “wanted a big family”.

It was not illegal at the time to have many children through surrogacy, but it did show how “the industry lacked accountability or any means of monitoring how many surrogates were being used by any one individual.

How did these instances put a halt to all types of surrogacy in Thailand?

These cases took place as Thailand was experiencing political unrest. The NPOC launched a campaign against commercial surrogacy in response to the Baby Gammy and Shigeta cases and the international criticism of Thailand’s unregulated surrogacy market, closing 12 clinics, publicly apprehending doctors involved in surrogacy, and forbidding foreigners from leaving the country with children born through surrogacy in Thailand. After that, the NPOC amended and resurrected the 2010 draft ART Bill, which went into effect in July 2015. That said, the 2015 bill restricts eligibility for surrogacy to non-commercial arrangements, forbids intermediaries or brokers for surrogacy arrangements, and limits surrogacy to only the local Thai citizens subject to fulfilment of certain criteria.

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